Leo IX

(BRUNO), Pope, bishop of Toul, was born in Alsace in 1002, and was cousin-german of the emperor Conrad the Salic. He was noted for great scholarly attainments, and was elected in 1049 to succeed Damasus II, at the joint recommendation of the emperor Henry III and of the famous Hildebrand (afterwards Gregory VII), who became one of Leo IX's most trusted advisers and guides. Indeed, it has often been a matter of comment that the reign of Leo IX was rather Gregorian in tendency. Leo was continually in motion between Germany and Italy, holding councils and endeavoring to reform the discipline and morals of the clergy, and also to check the progress of the Normans in Southern Italy, against whom he led an army, but was defeated in Apulia and taken prisoner by the Normans, who treated him with great respect, but kept him for more than a year in Benevento. Having made peace with them by granting to them as a fief of the Roman see their conquests in Apulia and Calabria, he was allowed to return to Rome, where he died in 1054, and was succeeded by Victor II. Among the councils held by Leo IX, one was convened at Rome (1050) against Berengar (q.v.), and in favor of Lanfranc (q.v.). Another important council held during his pontificate was that of Rheims in 1049, where many laws were enacted against simony, clerical matrimony, and the conditions and relations of monks and priests. Labbe and Cossart's Conc. contain nineteen letters of this pope (9:949-1001). See Baronius, Annsl. 17:19- 107; Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 3:277, 278; Gfr6rer, Kirchengeschichte, 4:1; Höfler, Die deutschen Pabste, 2:3-214; Baxmann, Politik dera Papste, 1:359 sq.; 2:191 sq.; Bower, Hist. of the Popes, v. 164 sq.; Riddle, Hist. of the Papacy, 2:105 sq.; Hunkler, Leo IX u.s. Zeit (Mayence, 1851); Milman, Hist. of Latin Christianity, 3:240 sq.; Ranke, Hist. of the Papacy; Reichel, Roman See in the Middle Ages, p. 189 sq., 191 sq., 217, 244, 292; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. 8:317 sq.; English Cyclop. s.v., Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, 30:714.